Tests to Increase Anaerobic Metabolism

Tests to Increase An aerobiotic metabolic processThe frame uses anaerobiotic metabolism during custom for energy without the use of oxygen. The be uses energy anaerobically only up to the first two minutes of practise (Plowman Smith, 2011). The Wingate and Cunningham Faulkner test musical rhythm anaerobic metabolism in supporters. Soccer bet ons at the professional level atomic number 18 approximately 90 minutes long, which chooses a high beat of aerobic metabolism. However, association football games draw a constant quantity change in intensiveness passim a match. A association football player may need to go from jogging to a key to sprinting towards the ball or net. These short duration, high intensity plays in association football will require the supporter to use anaerobic metabolism. Therefore, it would be ripe for a association football player to perform the Wingate or Cunningham Faulkner test to helper increase their anaerobic metabolism. This would help the association football players in game when they atomic number 18 trying to make a play or run after(prenominal) the ball. The most valid way to prise and improve anaerobic physical fitness in soccer players would be the Cunningham Faulkner test, not the Wingate test. The Wingate test only has a duration of 30 seconds, whereas the Cunningham Faulkner test goes on until complete exhaustion of the athlete. A duration of 30 seconds would not be enough to accu numberly placard a soccer players anaerobic metabolism. The Cunningham Faulkner will determine how long the athlete buns go before grasp exhaustion and in reaction the trunk will adapt to improve anaerobic process (Plowman Smith, 2011). With this in mind, soccer players should still highly train aerobically rather than anaerobically due to the amount of time they be playing.The protocol of laboratory 3 4s Maximal exercise, exam consists of monitoring an individuals grievous bodily harmimal oxygen uptake. This is achieved by attempting to get their tit rate to surpass their gunk rate, job lactic acid reaching in the midst of 7.9-8.4mM, or reaching dig and failure to continue before reaching scoop shovel. Data collected from supreme oxygen uptake is vital tuition that soccer players can use to better improve their performance during game time. Assessment is conducted use a treadmill or cycle ergometer. To tests for VO2 max it can be done both(prenominal) indirectly and directly. Direct test constitutes the use of monitored exercises where an individual is hooked up to a tank and monitors to measure their aerobic capacity, oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output. The second way to measure VO2 max is through indirect testing. This is done without the aid of gas paper machinery, instead an individuals exercise VO2 max is determined using a verbalism where an approximation can be made.To measure VO2 max indirectly using a treadmill can be achieved by using the prescript VO2 (mL/kg /min) = (0.2 x S) + (0.9 x S x G) + 3.5 mL/kg/min. This formula takes into considerations speed expressed as (S), body bay window in (Kg) and Percent eld grade as (G). The speed and treadmill elevation increases in increments per minute till fall apart or target heartrate is achieved.To measure VO2 max indirectly using a cycle ergometer can be achieve by using the formula VO2 (mL/kg/min) = 1.8(work rate) / (BM) + 3.5 mL/kg/min + 3.5 mL/kg/min. This formula takes into consideration body mass in (Kg), work rate in (Kgm/min) and 1 Watt is equivalent to (6 Kgm/min). The individual starts cycling at 25W at 70 to 100 rev with the load increasing by 25W each minute.Once the athletes reaches their VO2 max, the data can be reviewed and determine if whether to increase the training majority or intensity to further improve their magnate to take up oxygen end-to-end the body. Soccer players can especially benefit from VO2 max testing because games live the duration of 90 minutes, averagi ng lead ten kilometers a game. Typical soccer games involve all sorts of physical activities from jogging, running, sprinting, kicking, ball handles and physical pushes which all require an explosive amount of energy. Soccer players endure high intense physiological strain seen especially in professional teams. In order for soccer players to comp be with professional teams a great deal of training on aerobic capacity is needed (Castagna, Chamari, Stolen and Wisloff, 2012). The cycle ergometer and treadmill max VO2 test, effectively mimics the environment matched on the field in terms of running capacity. This ultimately gives the player an advantage to further train and enhance their ability to efficiently use oxygen end-to-end the body.Soccer players use both aerobic and anaerobic pathways, scarce most dominantly rely on the aerobic component of performance (Manna, Khanna, Dhara, 2010). Because the aerobic component of soccer players atomic number 18 to a greater boundary he avily relied on, the expected average Respiratory Quotient (RQ) or Respiratory interchange Ratio (RER) would be approximately 0.7. An RQ/RER of 0.7 is optimal fat burning, so the evoke source that soccer players use are primarily fats (Plowman Smith, 2011). Wisloeff et al. (1998) argues that for soccer athletes, maximal oxygen uptake should be conveyed in relevance to body mass. Although soccer athletes are to obtain a body mass index (BMI) of modal(prenominal) range, body types and size can differ. Because body types can differ, a soccer athlete may be mesomorphic, endomorphic, ectomorphic, and body types play a operator in ones resting metabolic rate (RMR) (Hazir, 2010). In relation to body type, body size also contri scarcelyes to RMR. Heat loss is greater when the bodys surface bailiwick is greater, so for smaller bodies, a higher RMR is needed to maintain body temperature (Plowman Smith, 2011). Factors such as body type/BMI, and body size are all contributors to a soccer athletes RMR. Age is also a contributor, but a come down in RMR is usually seen around the age of 60 because this is an age in which a reduction in energy intake and muckle of exercise is exhibited (Rachel, Van, Dinneno, Seal, Jones, 2001). It is not general for a soccer athlete to continue playing competitively at age 60, and so age is not a huge influence to RMR relating to young soccer athletes.As in many amusements, an appropriate cardiovascular response is critical for soccer performance. The nature of training that soccer players complete enables the resulting increases in appropriate cardiovascular responses (Knobloch, 2009 Lovell, Midgley, Barrett, Carter, Small, 2013). Such responses include elevated stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output. Soccer players are consistently shown to have a lower resting heart rate (Raven, Gettman, Pollock, Cooper, 1976), as well as better stroke volume values compared to other athletes (Hoff, 2005).Furthermore, athletes who play soccer are required to have better endurance training compared to athletes who play other sports, such as sprinters. As such, they are able to increase their stroke volume mend retaining the ability to maintain a lower heart rate (Palatini, 1988). In turn, this leads to soccer players exhibiting more effective recovery rates this also suggests a greater diastolic volume, contributing to the efficacy of the stroke volume (Tahir et al., 2015).The cardiovascular responses seen in elite level soccer players are also seen in recreational soccer players, albeit to a lower magnitude (Castagna et al., 2007). The aerobic requirements of the sport develops cardiovascular fitness. As such, anyone who participates will see the associated benefits. Additionally, similar results are seen in a wide range of participants independent of age, sex, and health status. This is crucially key in factors such as exercise prescription and lifestyle interventions because undefendable groups of sedentary i ndividuals would be able to improve their cardiovascular health and fitness while partaking in an activity they inherently enjoy (Lin et al., 2015).Soccer players are required to work at varying intensities during a game. Sometimes they are required to do this in environments that vary in temperature. As a result, hydration is very important, especially in a hot environment. A charter, highlighted that at that place may be cause for concern of heat exhaustion, electrolyte loss, and drying up in soccer players playing at any level (Shirreffs, Aragon-Vargas, Chamorro, Maughan, Serratosa Zachwieja, 2005). The researchers conducted a study where male soccer players confinement loss, solute loss and fluid replacement patterns are observed (Shirreffs et al., 2005). The players were all elite professionals they were provided with their own water bottles that were weighed before and after their training session. The results showed that on average the players only had 45 16% of their s weat loss replaced during the session. As a result, the players failed to completely replace the fluids that they had lost (Shirreffs et al., 2005). The part dehydration of all the players ranged from 0.7% to 3.2% of body mass. With the majority of players having a percent dehydration higher than 1.0%, (Fig X).These levels of dehydration may be relatively low but they can have a negative impact on exercise and cognitive performance. At a level above 2% dehydration, cognitive function has shown to be adversely affected. A level of at least 1% is enough to have an impact on exercise performance (Shirreffs et al., 2005). An explanation for the decrease in performance is related to blood volume that is lost when a lot of sweat is lost. During exercise, it is important to maintain blood flow to the muscles and to the skin. The skin is then able to convect heat to the body surface. When there is difficulty meeting these requirements, the eye temperature of the body rises (Shirreffs et a l., 2005). This elevated core temperature then causes fatigue. Therefore, players that are not well hydrated will fatigue faster and as a result will not be able to perform as well.Muscle fatigue affects soccer players in a unique manner to other sports. Although muscle fatigue is common among players, it is unclear what the underlying mechanisms of fatigue are. In the later stages of activity, it is understood that fatigue results as muscle glycogen stores deplete. However, in the initial stages of exercise, soccer players are shown to have reductions in muscle pH to a lesser extent than athletes who participate in other sports (Bangsbo, Iaia, Krustrup, 2007). Additionally, the phosphocreatine systems remain elevated throughout the activity (Mohr, Krustrup, Bangsbo, 2005) as such, it takes longer for the dominant energy pathway in the muscles of a soccer player to transition from the phosphocreatine system to the anaerobic and aerobic glycolytic pathways (Bangsbo et al., 2007).Cu rrent research suggests that the periods of greatest muscle fatigue (thereby present the greatest decline in athletic performance) occur at opening of the second half of play, and towards the end of regulation (Mohr et al., 2005). This is widely attributed to the decrease in muscle temperature after the halftime break, and to depletion of glycogen stores at the end of play (Mohr et al., 2005). This is deemed a result of the effect of temperature on the rate of metabolic reactions within the works muscle, specifically ATP hydrolysis and regeneration (Ferretti, 1992). The recommendation for soccer players is to engage in low-intensity activity prior to the beginning of the second half to moderate the decrease in muscle temperature, and therefore maintain athletic performance throughout the game (Lovell et al., 2013 Mohr et al., 2005).